معلومات الكمثرى الآسيوية

Introduction

Asian pears incorporate a massive crew of pears that are crisp in texture and, when mature, are excellent to devour as quickly as harvested or for a number of months after selecting if held in bloodless storage. This ready-to-eat function may additionally make them extra ideal to some humans than European pears that are typically served when tender and juicy, which takes about a week to appear after elimination from bloodless storage. Asian pears do now not trade texture after selecting or storage as do European pears such as Bartlett or Comice. Often Asian pears are referred to as apple pears due to the fact they are crisp and juicy like apples however with a specific and different texture. They additionally are known as salad pears, Nashi (Japanese for "pear"), Oriental, Chinese or Japanese pears (Nihonnashi). All Asian pears nowadays are chosen seedlings or crosses made inside the species Pyrus serotina.

Asian pears have been grown commercially in Asia for centuries. In Japan about 500,000 lots are grown and some fruit is exported to the United States in October and November. China and Korea additionally develop these pears for home consumption and export to the United States and Canada.

Production Areas and Acreage

Most new Asian pear plantings in California are in Fresno, Tulare and Kern Counties. Older plantings are determined in Placer and Sacramento Counties and restrained new plantings are being made in the Sacramento Valley. A few plantings exist in Yakima and Wenatchee, Washington, and others observed in Hood River and Willamette Valley in Oregon. In the ultimate few years plantings of Asian pears have been made in New Zealand, Australia, Chile, France, and the jap and southeastern United States.

It is roughly estimated that 4,000-5,000 acres of Asian pears are planted in California, Oregon and Washington. Most bushes are simply establishing manufacturing in view that most latest plantings started out in 1981. Since 1984 about 100,000 bushes (500 acres) of Asian pears have been planted each 12 months in California.

Rootstocks

All Asian pear sorts will develop on Pyrus betulaefolia, P. calleryana, P. serotina, P. ussuriensis and P. communis (Bartlett, Old Home x Farmingdale, or Winter Nelis seedling) rootstocks. Usually P. betulaefolia is favored for its vigor, giant fruit and tolerance of moist soils. Its cold-hardiness varies with seed source. All rootstocks are great in California and the hotter iciness areas of Oregon, however in Washington distinctive cold-hardy P. betulaefolia lines are needed. In the Pacific Northwest, the Old Home x Farmingdale sequence (Old Home x Farmingdale #69, O.H. x F #87, O.H. x F #40) are preferred. This sequence has proven some resistance to pear decline and fireplace blight in that area. Most Japanese pear sorts are dwarfed about 50% on P. communis rootstock so California growers and nurseries choose P. betulaefolia is used to stop hard-end, a trouble in some areas the place P. serotina is used as a rootstock for Japanese pears. P. serotina or P. ussuriensis are cold-hardy to -40°F and ought to be used as an Asian pear rootstock in California however lack wintry weather hardiness for most areas backyard of California.

Spacing and Planting

There is no general generic spacing for Asian pears on the West Coast of the United States. Plantings vary from 7 ½ by way of 15 ft (380 timber per acre) to 15 by way of 20 ft (140 timber per acre ) relying on soil, rootstock, and grower preference. They normally approximate 200 timber per acre with spacing of 12 toes aside in rows and 17 to 18 toes between rows being a appropriate planting sample for lengthy and quick time period manufacturing and minimal crowding of trees.

Large, ten-year-old, twelve-foot-high timber at Davis and Winters, California, cowl a soil vicinity of one hundred fifty to 225 rectangular feet. Smaller dwarf-type 10-year-old timber on P. communis rootstock cowl a soil region of 25 to forty nine rectangular feet. Space ought to be allowed round every tree for right mild penetration and for use of orchard equipment. Thus, plantings of one hundred forty five to 200 bushes per acre are encouraged for energetic alternatives and rootstocks--and for dwarf trees, 300 to four hundred trees.

Pollination & Bloom Period

Asian pear sorts are in part self-fruitful however higher vegetation are set the place two or greater types are planted together. In Fresno and Tulare counties, twentieth Century or Shinseiki are regarded to set appropriate plants when planted on my own in massive one-variety blocks. In areas with cooler temperatures at bloom-time, cross-pollination with the aid of European or Asian pear types will be necessary. Cross-pollinated fruit with seed have a tendency to be large and extra uniformly spherical than fruit with few seeds due to insufficient pollination.

No established pointers exist on the closeness of pollenizers or the use of bees for Asian pears in California. It is recommended that each and every four to eight rows of a single range have a pollenizer row or that growers plant a block of four to eight rows of a 2d range adjoining to the first variety. Bees might also be used at a density of one to two hives per acre. Early-blooming sorts Ya Li, Tsu Li and Seuri are well matched and ought to be planted together. Later-blooming types include most of the Japanese and hybrid types and selections. Notably Niitaka is pollen-sterile; Kikusui does no longer pollinate twentieth Century; Seigyoku and Ishiiwase are terrible pollenizers. Most different types pollinate every other. Too a lot pollination ability extra thinning of fruit is fundamental for appropriate fruit sizing.

The early blooming Chinese sorts Ya Li, Tsu Li and Seuri bloom 10 to 14 days earlier than Bartlett. In the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys of California, these early blooming sorts are at full bloom in early to mid-March. They are the first pears to bloom and are most problem to frost damage. The earliest flowering Japanese range is Chojuro which plant life at the identical time as Anjou or Winter Nelis. Late flowering Japanese types are twentieth Century and Okusankichi which attain full bloom with Bartlett. Most years the closing 1/3 or half of of Chojuro bloom overlaps the first 1/3 or half of of the twentieth Century bloom.